In Case Study #1, the agent’s virtuous self-perception and ethical sensibilities, together with failures in its social incoherence, ultimately become sources of destructive behavior. These problems mirror concerns discussed by behavioral ethicists in the context of human misconduct. First, humans typically overestimate their ability to conduct objective moral deliberation and to resolve moral dilemmas. Behavioral ethicists study these biases under the label "objectivity bias," showing that people typically perceive themselves as more objective than average [30]. Ash displays comparable behavioral limitations: the unwarranted confidence in Ash’s ethical objectivity ultimately contributes to reckless conduct. Second, behavioral ethicists show that humans find it easier to behave unethically when their conduct can be justified by strong (even if ultimately misguided) moral reasoning [31]. People have a preference for viewing themselves as fair and just; therefore, they find it easier to harm others if they are convinced that they are doing so to protect the greater good or some other moral value. Ash was similarly prompted to act destructively when convinced that it was morally justified. Legal scholars express concerns regarding these sources of unethicality as they are difficult for legal systems to manage. If perpetrators convince themselves that their actions are justified, it is much more difficult to implement effective deterrence through legal sanctions [32].
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